Map of the Colonies

Jamestown : Reading for important information.

                                                                       Instructions

1. Read the two texts below: The Lost Colony of Roanoke and
2.Copy both graphic organizers in your blog book. One in each page so you have enough space to write.
3.Complete the organizers.
4.Reflect and answer this question: What do settlers need in order to survive and succeed?

Important Dates		Who?
	The Lost Colony
What happened?		Why?

Important Dates		Who?
	Jamestown
What happened?		Why?

Lost Colony of Roanoke

Roanoke Colony was the first attempt by the English to establish a colony in the Americas. Unfortunately, the colony failed when the settlers disappeared under mysterious circumstances giving the colony the nickname the "Lost Colony."

Map showing location of
Jamestown and Roanoke Island Colonies
by NOAA

Where was the colony located?

The Roanoke Colony was located on Roanoke Island off the coast of North Carolina. The land was considered part of Virginia at the time.

Early Plans

In 1584, the land of Virginia in North America was granted to Sir Walter Raleigh by Queen Elizabeth I. The British hoped to establish a foothold in the Americas to expand their empire. Raleigh sent out Captain Philip Amada and Captain Arthur Barlowe to explore the area. They discovered Roanoke Island and met the local natives. Raleigh decided this would be a good place to establish a colony.

First Colony at Roanoke

The first expedition to Roanoke was led by Sir Richard Greenville. The expedition arrived at Roanoke in 1585. Greenville left 107 settlers, all men, at Roanoke under the charge of Ralph Lane. Greenville then returned to England in order to gather additional supplies for the settlement.

The settlers built a fort at Roanoke, but struggled to survive. It didn't help matters that they were constantly fighting with the local Native Americans. When English explorer Sir Francis Drake passed by the settlement and offered to take them back to England, the colonists agreed. Not long after the colonists left, Captain Greenville finally returned with new supplies only to discover that the settlement had been abandoned. He left a small group of men on the island and then returned to England.

Second Colony at Roanoke

A second attempt at starting a colony at Roanoke occurred in 1587. This time 115 colonists travelled to Roanoke led by John White. They hoped to find the men that Greenville had left a year earlier. However, upon their arrival, all they found at the settlement was a human skeleton. Despite this setback, the colonists began to build their settlement on Roanoke. Not long after their arrival, a girl named Virginia Dare was born. She was the first child born in the Americas to English parents.

Unfortunately, the colonists continued to have disputes with the local tribes and some colonists were killed. They also discovered that they were ill-prepared to build a thriving colony. John White decided to return to England in order to gain supplies and reinforcements for the colony.

John White discovers the word "CROATOAN"
carved at Roanoke's fort palisade
by unknown

The Colony has Disappeared

After returning to England, White could find little help for the colony. England was in the middle of a large battle with Spain and the Spanish Armada. As a result, White was unable to return until three years later in 1590. When White arrived he found the colony completely abandoned. The only clues that White found included the word "Croatoan" carved into a fence post and "Cro" carved into a tree.

White found no sign of a struggle, however, and figured that the colonists had moved to Croatoan, which was what they called a nearby island (Hatteras Island). He also had reason to hope because he had told the colonists to carve a Maltese cross if they were being forced leave. Since he found no cross, he figured the colonists were okay. White was unable to search the nearby island for the colonists because of a bad storm and was forced to return to England.

The colonists were never heard from again and the colony gained the nickname the "Lost Colony."

Theories on the Disappearance

There are many theories about the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony. Many historians think that the colonists moved. They probably moved to Hatteras Island or further inland into the forests of North Carolina. The colonists may have eventually starved to death or been killed by local tribes. They may also have survived, made friends with a local tribe, and eventually became part of the tribe. One theory is that they became part of the Lumbee tribe of North Carolina. Another theory is that the Spanish, who didn't want the English in the Americas, destroyed the settlement and took the colonists captive.

Interesting Facts about the Lost Colony of Roanoke

• Virginia Dare was the granddaughter of the colony's leader and governor John White.
• Roanoke Island is about 8 miles long and 2 miles wide.
• A bridge was built to Roanoke Island in 2002. It is called the Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge.
• No one is sure where the colony was located on the island. It is likely that the settlement is currently underwater due to erosion.

Explorers

                Explorers-

Pedro Siqueira, Pedro P. Juan and Victoria

    This text, as you see on the title, talks about some of the famous explorers of the age of exploration (that reached north America). Most of the explores started navigating because they wanted to be famous or because they wanted to find new goods for the country they worked for. The trips were very difficult because people could get sick and die, one of the most famous sickness was called scurvy that was caused by lack of vitamin C.

    Now we will talk about three explorers we research:

    Henry Hudson: people think he was born in the late 16^th century in England. He spent his whole life searching for a new route to Asia but he finally ended finding a route for the north Americas. There's so little information about his life before his first voyage. But it is known that he learned to navigate from fisherman and sailors. (He worked for England) On his first voyage he sailed from England to Svalbard. On his second trip he went from Europe till the Russian Artic national Park. After that he travelled a lot but on Hudson's last voyage in 1611 he was left to drift and then die.

    John Cabot: was born in genoa, Italy and sailed around 1450. He made a voyage in 1497 on the ship Mathew and claimed land on Canada ( mistaking by Asia) for King Henry VII of England. When he was little he moved to England. In May 1496, John Cabot departed from Bristle with 5 ships and a crew of 300 men. In route 1 ship sailed to Ireland and the other four continued on. In 1497 Cabot went to Asia believing the route would be shorter, he traveled with 18 men.

    Magellan: was born in Portugal. In 1480 his objective was to go on a west voyage to reach the spice islands because prince Charles I asked him to do so. He made it. When he was sailing by a sea he thought the sea was slowly and peaceful. So he named that sea the “Peaceful Sea” that nowadays is called the Pacific Ocean. When he was coming back from the spice islands he fought with the Philippines and he was killed with a poison arrow in his heart. After his crew went back to Spain without his body, because the Philippines stayed with his body they liked as a trophy. His crew proved that the world was round, they circumnavigate the planet Earth.

    

The Explorers group

The Explorers group

Pedro Smith, Nicolas, Gabriela B.

     The age of exploration was a time that people traveled unknown seas by boat in search of gold, spices, and territory. Now we are going to talk about some of the most famous explorers. Pedro Álvares Cabral, Marco Polo, and Vasco Da Gama.

     Pedro Álvares Cabral:

    He was born in 1467 in the town of Belmonte Portugal. He discovered Brazil in the 22nd of April when he got to Bahia. After 10 days of staying in Bahia they left to go to India. He died in 1520 in Brazil. He brought back from Brazil to Portugal, Pau Brazil.

    Marco Polo:

   Marco Polo was born in the city state of Venice in the year 1254. There he stayed until he hit 15 then his father Niccolo and his uncle Maffeo returned from a trading trip through the Silk Road. When he was 17 he left with his father and uncle for a 24,000 km trip. They walked in groups called Caravans which were groups of people that rode camels together so they could defend the robbers way more easily. Soon Marco worked for the Khan for 17 years. The Khan liked Marco so that is why he hired him to work as a spy for the Mongolian empire. After a while they left with their pockets full of jewels and riches. They reached Venice in 1296 and Marco died in 1324.

   Vasco da Gama :

  He was born at 1460 in Sines, Portugal. He was the first Portuguese to reach India by boat in 1497. When he reach India the people from there didn't want to trade spices with the Portuguese. But still Vasco da Gama managed to get spices and he brought them back to Portugal getting a fortune of about 6,000%. Vasco da Gama died in 1524 in Cochin India.

  

   And that was the explorers from our group. Hope you enjoyed.

Constellation and Astrolabe

       Names:Amanda,Julia Alves and Clarissa.

  In ancient times, people were religious.As you probably know, countries believed in gods, so they thought the gods used constellations to tell stories.

    People started to create constellations in their minds thinking of the gods, like:Orion, Aquarius and etc. This was before Christ (BC).

They used constellations in agriculture,to know the time to harvest crops, but they were also used on navigation. Once they found Ursa Major they could find the latitude. Ursa Major was one of the most important constellations at the time. It also called big bear. Close to Ursa Major there is Ursa Minor, that is a little bear. The biggest star in the Ursa Menior is the North Star. This allowed ships to travel around the world, and discover new continents like America.

    The astrolabe was an instrument that measured the distance of the stars based on the horizon. It was invented by the ancient greek mathematican called Hipparchus, and originally it was used to tell the time based on the sun, moon or stars. This is one of the oldest measuring devices, used from about 120B.C to 1600 A.C. The name of the astrolabe comes from the greek “to take a star”, because it used the stars to work.

    

Constellations

Made by: Julia Aj, Marcos, Carolina and Gabriela C.

Constellations

       

       Constellations are groups of stars that forms a pattern. At the Age of Exploration, explorers used constellations to guide themselves to new places. Some of the instruments used by them were a the astrolabe, quadrant, and sextant to measure the constellations, so they would know where to go. When there weren’t stars in the sky, they used the compass to know where to go.

    The biggest constellation is the Virgo constellation.

      The constellation that we chose is the Ursa Major, that means “the great bear”. It’s a constellation in the northern hemisphere sky.  It’s the largest northern constellation and third largest constellation in the sky. The Big Dipper constellation is part of the Ursa Major, the brightest stars of the constellation. If you are at the southern hemisphere, you can just see part of the Ursa Major constellation in winter. The North Star is located in the tail of Ursa Minor, but some people think that it is located in the tail of Ursa Major, but it’s not.

Carrack

Carrack Group- Ana Carolina, Rafaela, Maria Izabel and Lara

        In the Age of Exploration, they used boats to travel by the sea, so the time passed and the technology advanced a lot.

The boats were one of the most important thing.

  The carrack was the boat used by the explorers in the Age of Exploration it was a great advanced in the technology during time. In was built with three masts with triangular sails. The largest carrack could reach almost 45m (150 feet) and more than 1000 tons.

In the Age of Exploration with the carrack exist the caravel. Their differences are that the caravel is smaller and safer because it is easy to navigate, and the carrack it is bigger and dangerous because is hard to navigate. The caravel has triangular sails and the carrack square sails.

   The technology in these times was very good for them; they had things such as the astrolabe that is a tool to measured angles and latitude, and the KA-MAIL that was a tool that help people to discover the latitude. They also have the quadrants that was used to discover the height of the Polaris.

   Traveling through the sea was not as easy job, in the past they faced, many dangerous, horrible diseases, huge storms, back of food and water and also the monsters of the sea. Are just sea animals like whales and shark.

    The hygiene in the carrack was very bad, because of the bad hygiene, there were no bathrooms or fresh food and they did not have vitamins. Some of them even eat rats and these ones have more chances to survive the diseases because of the vitamins, rats have.   

The Caravel –

Vitor, Rodrigo and Gustavo

A caravel is a  small boat  used in 15 century. The caravel were fast nad easy to manover , but it cold not support many supplies. The bottom  was protruded bellow the surface of the water by a small distance making it easy to manower.

 The caravel hat "lateen " sails ( triangles shaped ) that allowed a zigzagging tecnic. Plus the square sails ( more powerful when sailing against the wind)and other small changes, they became more used by explorers.

 A carevel was small  so there was not many rooms for people's. So there  were 20 to 40 people tops.

    There were technological advances in a caravel: compass , that had a little magnetic that  always pointed to north, the astrolabe that  said the diferente between the stars nad the horizon. There were also changes in the boat: the faster speed was 100 miles a day crew worked around clock , there pay was poor, disobedience caused punishments,10 years old was the saile .

 There carracks were difficult to navigate but had larger square  sails, while the caravel was fast, smaller and could have triangular sails.

Technology in the Age of Exploration

Major Explorers

Let’s Review the Major Explorers of the Northwest Passage

Explorer	Sailed For	Area explored
Giovanni Caboto (known as John Cabot) (Italian)	England	Northeast coastline of Canada North America
Giovanni daVerrazano (Italian)	France	New York Bay and mouth of Hudson River East Coast
Jacques Cartier (French)	France	St. Lawrence River Canada
Henry Hudson (English)	Netherlands	Hudson River New York Hudson Bay, Canada
Samuel de Champlain (French)	France	St. Lawrence River, Quebec Canada, and northern New York

          In 1493, Christopher Columbus returned to Spain from America with tales of his voyage to the islands he had discovered off the coast of what he thought was India. Soon other countries in Europe began sending ships to explore these new lands seeking the riches they might provide.  One of their primary goals was also to try to find a quicker trade route to Asia, the land of silks and spices.  This search for the Northwest Passage, lead to many new discoveries and claims.  By the early 16^th century (1500’s) France, Italy, and England had begun their explorations.

John Cabot 

(Giovanni Caboto)

John Cabot, like Columbus, believed that Asia could be reached by sailing westward.  Cabot, an Italian ship captain, made two voyages to the new world.  In 1497, he sailed for the King of England.  He reached the northern coast of North America in what today is part of Canada.  He sailed southward, exploring possibly as far as New York.
          In 1498, Cabot returned to explore more of this new land.  As a result of his voyages, the English king later claimed the land Cabot explored for England.

Giovanni da Verrazano:

In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian explorer, sailing for France, reached the eastern coast of North America.  He sailed up and down the coast looking for a passage that would take him west through the continent.  He reached the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Bay, and wrote "we found a very pleasant situation amongst some steep hills ..."
          After rowing ashore in a small boat Verrazano had a brief encounter with a group of Native Americans.  The friendly natives welcomed the strangers, giving them gifts and food.  Verrazano and his crew did not stay long however, due to uncertain weather.
          A bridge connecting Long Island and Staten Island today is named the Verrazano Narrows Bridge, after this early explorer.

Jacques Cartier

          In 1534, the French king, Francis I, sent Jacques Cartier, a French navigator and explorer to North America.  He wanted Cartier to search for gold and other precious metals, as well as to seek a water route through North America. Cartier sailed into what is now the Gulf of St. Lawrence, claiming the land along the river for France.
          Cartier encountered Native Americans along the shores of the St. Lawrence River.  He gave them gifts and established friendly relations with them.  Today the people of New York state enjoy a state park located on the St. Lawrence River named after Jacques Cartier.

Henry Hudson:

In 1609, an English sea captain, Henry Hudson sailed to America for a Dutch trading company.  Hudson and his crew aboard the ship, Half Moon, were searching for the Northwest Passage.  They sailed into a great river know today as the Hudson. The crew of the Half Moon fished, traded with the Native Americans, and explored the river.  They sailed up the river until it became too shallow to navigate near present-day Albany.  Hudson claimed the land they explored in the Hudson River Valley for Holland.

Samuel de Champlain:

          Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer who became known as the "Father of New France." In 1603 he went on his first voyage to North America on an exploration and fur-trading expedition. He returned a year later, to look for a place in which to make a permanent French settlement. He remained until 1607, exploring the Atlantic coast from Canada to Massachusetts.
          In 1608, Champlain brought a group of settlers to the area along the St. Lawrence River.  They built a trading post and settlement.  It was the first European settlement in Canada.  They called it Quebec. Today it is the oldest city in Canada.
          Champlain befriended the Huron Indians living near Quebec in 1609, and began trading for furs. This peaceful relationship helped make it easier to explore the area. Their friendship also made them allies in battle against the Huron's bitter enemies, the Iroquois. Champlain and his French companions helped the Hurons attack the Iroquois in what is now New York State.  They easily won the battle with their muskets.  It was during this raid that he discovered a lake on the border of northern New York State.  He named this lake, Lake Champlain.  

  

Definitions

Northwest Passage:  A water route through North America to Asia

Allies:  Partners or friends who help each other

Timeline

1450	Prince Henry the Navigator builds a school for sailors.
1453	The Turkish empire cuts off the land route from Asia to Europe. Search for a sea route begins.
1487	Bartholomeu Dias discovers the southern tip of Africa.
1492	Christopher Columbus lands on an island of the Bahamas.
1497	John Cabot discovers Newfoundland while he searches for a north-western passage to India.
1498	Vasco Da Gama finds a sea route to India by sailing around Africa.
1502	Amerigo Vespucci returns from his explorations of South America. A German mapmaker names the New World after him.
1513	Vasco de Balboa discovers the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean.
1519-1522	Magellan sails around the world.
1521	Hernando Cortez defeats the Aztec empire.
1533	Francisco Pizarro defeats the Inca empire.
1534	Jacques Cartier sails down the St. Lawrence River and discovers the Great Lakes.
1577	Sir Francis Drake is the first Englishman to sail around the world.
1607	The first settlement is called Jamestown.
1610	Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay.
1620	The Mayflower lands with pilgrims in the New World.
1673	Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet explore the Mississippi River.

Age of Exploration

By the end of the 15th century many things were changing in Europe. The population started to grow more quickly and a new class ofmerchants emerged. They wanted to buy and sell expensive and valuable products from Asia—like gold, jewels and silk.

In those days, people had no refrigerators to preserve their food. They dried meat and often used salt to make it last longer. To make food taste better they used spices , like pepper or cinnamon.

For centuries Europeans brought these goods on a land route from Asia over thousands of dangerous kilometres . In the 15th century theoverland routes were being controlled by the Turkish Empire, which made it even more difficult for European merchants to pass through.

As a result, some European countries, like Spain and Portugal, decided to find out if there was a sea route to India. With the help of new kinds of ships that could sail faster and instruments , like the quadrant, they started the Age of Exploration.

Portuguese exploration

At the end of the 15th century the Portuguese started to explore the west coast of Africa. They set up trading posts and collected gold and silver. They were convinced that by sailing around the coast of Africa they would find a route to India.

In 1487 , the Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias sailed around the southern part of the continent and got as far as the east coast of Africa, but a storm made him turn back. On his return voyage, he saw a piece of land that stretched out into the sea. The Portuguese named it the Cape of Good Hope because they were hopeful of finding a passageway to India.

In 1497 Vasco Da Gama set out from Lisbon, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and into the Indian Ocean. He reached the west coast of India in May 1498. He took some spices and gold back with him to prove that he had reached India.

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus was probably the most famous explorer of the era. He achieved fame by sailing west in search of a sea route to India. Instead of reaching India he discovered that there was an unknown mass of land in between, land that the Europeans knew nothing of.

Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in 1451 and during his early years his father took him on various sailing trips and wanted to make amerchant out of him.

Like many navigators of that time, Columbus also wanted to sail to India and the Far East. He thought that if he sailed west he would alsoreach the Spice Islands of Asia and India. When he went to the king of Portugal to present his plan, but it was rejected. Queen Isabella of Spain admired young and brave men like Columbus and so she gave him three ships—the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria—and acrew of 90 men.

Columbus left Spain on August 3, 1492. After two months of sailing westward, he landed on an island of the Bahamas, San Salvador, on October 12, 1492. Because he thought he had reached the islands near India he called the natives Indians.

All together, Columbus made four voyages to the New World between 1492 and 1504. He explored the coasts of Cuba, Jamaica , Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. On his last two voyages, Columbus reached the mainland of Central and South America and travelled as far south as the mouth of the Orinoco River.

After he came home from his fourth voyage, Christopher Columbus fell ill and died in 1506.

Other Spanish Explorers

 
During the early 1500s Spanish explorers travelled across most of Central and South America. They founded colonies and brought settlers to the New World. They also made the native Indians work for them. The Spaniards brought new products to the Americas ,like wheat, horses, cattle and sheep. In exchange , they grew plants that were not known in Europe, like corn and potatoes and brought them back to the Old Continent.
In 1513 the Spanish explorer Vasco de Balboa landed in Panama, the part of Central America that is very narrow. With his men, he fought his way through 50 miles of jungle and was surprised to see a new sea , the Pacific Ocean.
One of the most important Spanish conquistadors was Hernando Cortes. He conquered the Aztec empire in 1521. In 1532 and 1533 Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas. These natives ruled an empire that expanded from Columbia to the northern parts of Argentina. The Incas had great riches, vast amounts of gold and silver. When the Spanish got there they took all of it away from the Incas.

French and English explorers

The French and the English concentrated their journeys on the northern part of the continent, because they thought that there also had to be a north-western route to India.
In 1497, John Cabot, an Italian who sailed for England, landed on the east coast of Canada. In 1534 Jacques Cartier sailed down the St. Lawrence River and reached the Great Lakes. He claimed this territory for the king of France.
During the 1600s the French and English began to set up colonies. The French concentrated on the St .Lawrence valley and the Great Lakes and founded towns like Montreal, or Detroit.
At the end of the century Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette sailed down the Mississippi River. The land near the Gulf of Mexico was called Louisiana, in honour of the French king. Settlements like St. Louis or New Orleans show French origin.
The first permanent settlement in North America was founded at Jamestown , Virginia in 1607. In 1610 Henry Hudson sailed around north-eastern Canada and discovered a huge body of water which he thought was the Pacific Ocean. Today it is known as Hudson Bay.

Magellan sails around the world

In 1519 the Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan set out to find India by sailing around South America. He sailed for Spain because the Portuguese didn’t give him any money for this expedition.
Magellan had 5 ships and a crew of 240. When he reached the southern tip of South America, he got into bad, stormy weather. Two of his ships were badly damaged and couldn’t continue the journey. With three ships he sailed through a strait, that later was named after him , the Strait of Magellan.
When he reached the Pacific Ocean, he sailed for three months without any sight of land. Finally , in April of 1521 he landed on the Philippine Islands. Magellan got into a fight with native islanders and was killed there.
Only one ship could continue the voyage. It crossed the Indian Ocean and sailed around the Cape of Good Hope. With only twenty people on board it reached Spain three years after it had set out.

Magellan's journey around the world

http://www.english-online.at/history/age-of-exploration/explorers-and-navigators.htm